anatomical portrait study lesson

The first sheet of the assignment,
the skull and the eye balls. 

Description: Our art class will study and illustrate the basic structure of the human head for this assignment. Students should accurately diagram and label the bone and tissue layers beneath the skin on three separate pieces of drawing paper.

      Human anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry, is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology and cytology. Anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences which are usually taught together.

      In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the rib cage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

      The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

      The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

      Generally, physicians, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations under a microscope; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.

      Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line with modern teaching methods.

Subjects: Medical Illustration

Instruction Time: Approximately three class periods

Materials needed:

• Three sheets of drawing paper
• Scissors
• Colored pencils and pens
• Stencil of skull
• Photographs, diagrams, and pictures of human skulls and muscular structure to make a reference to

Objective(s): Show-Me Content Standard: Visual Art Standards for Missouri Schools 2009

Strand I: Product/Performance – Select and apply two-dimensional techniques, and processes to communicate ideas and solve challenging visual arts problems for 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th Grades

• Create smooth, continuous value through even pressure
• Create a range of 4 smoothly graduated values through varied pressure
• Define edge through variations in pressure or angle
• Use media in various ways to create simulated and invented textures
• Demonstrate proficiency using a single drawing media
• Blend values/colors to create new values/colors

Strand IV: Interdisciplinary Connections, Explain the connections between Visual Art and Communication Arts, Math, Science or Social Studies

Show-Me Science Curriculum Guide Human Anatomy and Physiology – Characteristics and Interactions of Living Organisms: 1. There is a fundamental unity underlying the diversity of all living organisms

• Define anatomical and directional terminology to appropriate structures.

Phase 1: Clarify goals and establish set

• Students will study the differences between anatomical portraits and regular portraits.
• Students will learn about the necessity of anatomical drawings in scientific study.
• Students will draw their own versions of anatomically correct portraits to the proficiency of 80% required by the State of MO.

Phase 2: Demonstrate knowledge or skill

Task Analysis:

• Students should visit the web sites provided by the teacher in the following bibliography.
• Students will then work from a variety of pictorial references supplied in the classroom for the assignment.
• The first drawing will illustrate a human skull, the second the muscle tissues of the human head, and the third the outside skin and hair of a anatomically correct human portrait.
• Correct placement of eye, nose and mouth holes are demonstrated in the classroom sample and should be also cut from student drawings in a like manner
• Anatomical portraits should be colored in naturalistically.
• Staple all three drawings together in order of their appearance in real life skulls

Phase 3: Provide Guided Practice

• The instructor will provide materials needed to describe visually the muscles and bone structure of the human head.
• The instructor will describe and write out the details concerning the process of an anatomical portrait study.
• The instructor will demonstrate the process involved with the layered drawing requirements.

Phase 4: Check for understanding and provide feedback – A standardized rubric will be used to analyze and critique each individual student’s artwork.

Phase 5: Provide extended practice and transfer – Students will be encouraged to create even more projects at home. Materials used during class may be duplicated in their own home. A handout for children to take home and color will be provided.

Reflections: Reflections are attached to rubric. There is room enough for both the instructor and student to respond.

Human Anatomy Bibliography:

• The accurate depiction of skeletal muscles and muscle groups from The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
• Skull Models
• Medical Illustration

Resources: The lesson plan adaptations and written content, excluding State Standards, is written and copyrighted by Kathy Grimm, 2009. The use of the ideas and 10% or less content constraint on previously published materials is met in accordance to United States copyright law. Some scientific definitions come from public domain resources. Interested parties may visit the following link to read about Fair Use and Teachers http://home.earthlink.net/~cnew/research.htm#Purpose%20of%20use

audubon's legacy lesson

Description: Audubon, a French-American ornithologist, hunter, and artist, developed his own methods for drawing birds. First, he killed them using fine shot. He then used wires to prop them into a natural position, unlike the common method of many ornithologists, who prepared and stuffed the specimens into a rigid pose. When working on a major specimen like an eagle, he would spend up to four 15-hour days, preparing, studying, and drawing it. His paintings of birds are set true-to-life in their natural habitat. He often portrayed them as if caught in motion, especially feeding or hunting. This was in stark contrast to the stiff representations of birds by his contemporaries, such as Alexander Wilson. Audubon based his paintings on his extensive field observations.

      He worked primarily with watercolor early on. He added colored chalk or pastel to add softness to feathers, especially those of owls and herons. He employed multiple layers of water-color, and sometimes used gouache. All species were drawn life size that accounts for the contorted poses of the larger birds as Audubon strove to fit them within the page size. Smaller species were usually placed on branches with berries, fruit, and flowers. He used several birds in a drawing to present all views of anatomy and wings. Larger birds were often placed in their ground habitat or perching on stumps. At times, as with woodpeckers, he combined several species on one page to offer contrasting features. He frequently depicted the birds' nests and eggs, and occasionally natural predators, such as snakes. He usually illustrated male and female variations, and sometimes juveniles. In later drawings, Audubon used assistants to render the habitat for him. Going beyond faithful renderings of anatomy, Audubon employed carefully constructed composition, drama, and slightly exaggerated poses to achieve artistic as well as scientific effects. Read more...

• Audubon Society - Visit the legacy of James Audubon

Subject: Fine Art/Biology

Instruction Time: Three sessions at least

Materials needed:

• White drawing paper
• Audubon prototype
• Colored pencils and watercolors

Objective(s):
Show-Me Visual Art Standards for Missouri Schools
Strand I: Product/Performance – Select and apply two-dimensional media, techniques, and processes to communicate ideas and solve challenging visual art problems for all high school grades.

• Select and apply drawing media and techniques that demonstrate both sensitivity and subtlety in use of media and informed decision making

Strand IV: Interdisciplinary Connections, Explain the connections between Visual Art and Communication Arts, Math, Science or Social Studies

• Explain how historical events and social ideas are reflected in artworks from selected cultures or historical time periods.

Show-Me Standards for Biology
Strand 7: Scientific Inquiry – Science understanding is developed through the use of science process skills, scientific knowledge, scientific investigation, reasoning, and critical thinking

• Concept B. Scientific inquiry relies upon gathering evidence from qualitative and quantitative observations. - Determine the appropriate tools and techniques to collect, analyze and interpret data.

Phase 1: Clarify goals and establish set

• Students will study the watercolors and drawings of the famous orinthologist John James Audubon by observing a slide presentation, reading the attachment about him following this lesson plan and visiting web sites.
• Students will copy prototypes of Audubon’s work and develop their skills in watercolors and colored pencils.

Phase 2: Demonstrate knowledge or skill

Task Analysis: rewrite below

1. Students will research the life of Audubon through a selection of provided materials.
2. Students will select a prototype of James Audubon.
3. Make tracings or stencils to transfer the prototype to fine watercolor paper and paint.

Phase 3: Provide Guided Practice

• The teacher will show a slide presentation of John James Audubon’s life.
• The teacher will assign to each student a prototype to work from.
• The teacher will demonstrate methods of watercolor and drawing to the class during the sessions.

Phase 4: Check for understanding and provide feedback – A standardized rubric will be used to analyze and critique each individual student’s artwork.

Phase 5: Provide extended practice and transfer – Students will be encouraged to create even more projects at home. Materials used during class and the research conducted on their own computers at home may be duplicated in their own home environment at very little expense.

Reflections: Reflections are attached to rubric. There is room enough for both the instructor and student to respond. Copies of reflections are returned to students to keep in their three ring binders. (phase 4 above)

Resources: The lesson plan adaptations and written content, excluding State Standards, is written and copyrighted by Kathy Grimm, 2009. The use of the ideas and 10% or less content constraint on previously published materials is met in accordance to United States copyright law. Some scientific definitions come from public domain resources. Interested parties may visit the following link to read about Fair Use and Teachers http://home.earthlink.net/~cnew/research.htm#Purpose%20of%20use

american civil war for missouri teachers

George Caleb Bingham painting of General Order No. 11. In this famous work General Thomas Ewing is seated on a horse watching the Red Legs

      During the summer of 2011, I spent 30 hours in a Civil War workshop hosted by the National Park Service and wrote a detailed integrated studies lesson plan about Civil War artifacts. I will link to that lesson plan and many others as soon as these are posted on the Missouri Civil War Sesquicentennial website.

Civil War Artifact Clip Art for Teachers To Create Power Point Presentations

      Who's Who During The Civil War - Biographies/Portraits In The Public Domain.  I've included these pages for teachers who need to print out short, accurate biographies and famous speeches for students to read. The reading level is approximately 5th to 8th grade. The biographies are in the public domain. The clip art is cleaned and redrawn here at the blog. Enjoy and print as many as you like:  Thomas Hart Benton * John Brown * John Charles Fremont * Nathaniel Lyon * The Hypocrisy of American Slavery by Frederick Douglass *

Excellent Topical Reading About The American Civil War for Middle School and/or High School Students: 

• Memoranda During The War: Civil War Journals, 1863-1865 
• "The Little Regiment" and Other Civil War Stories by Stephen Crane
• "The Red Badge of Courage" by Stephen Crane
• Famous Documents and Speeches of the Civil War, edited by Bob Blaisdell
• "To Be A Slave" by Julius Lester
• The Civil War Reconstruction: Rebuilding America After The Civil War by Stephanie Fitzgerald

Books About The Civil War in General For The State of Missouri: 

• Ulysses S. Grant: Personal Memoirs. With an Introduction and Notes by James M. McPherson
• The Shattering of The Union: America In The 1850s by Eric H. Walther
• The Civil War's First Blood: Missouri, 1854-1861 by James Denny and John Bradbury
• A Tour Guide To Missouri's Civil War by Gregory Wolk, Foreword by Stuart Symington, Jr.
• Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents edited by Silvana R. Siddali
• Civil War St. Louis by Louis S. Gerteis

Documentaries and Film:

• "August Light: Wilson's Creek and the Battle for Missouri" by Wide Awake Films

Integrated Studies Lesson Plans: Art & The American Civil War

• The Civil War Through a Child’s Eye
• Child of the Underground Railroad: Lesson Plan for “Malinda Paris- A Memorial”
• Civil WarSlang
• Civil War Photographs: The Mathew Brady Bunch
• Sweet Claraand The Freedom Quilt Lesson Plan
• Role PlayingThe Civil War
• Life During the Civil War Era
• Songs of the Civil War
• Using Art to Study The Past
• Abe Lincoln’s Log Cabin
• The Mask of Lincoln
• Civil War Photojournalism: A Record of War
• Memorials and Meaning
• “Housewife” Needlearts Lesson Plan
• “Oh, Could They But Speak!” The history and importance of Michigan’s Civil War battle flags
• Civil War Photographs: What Do You See?

Important Civil War History in Missouri: Divided State * Battles, Skirmishes & Engagements * Union Militia * Missouri in the Civil War * Maps of Civil War Sites in Missouri * Annotated Biliography * Reconstruction in Missouri * List of Missouri Union Civil War Units * List of Missouri Civil War Confederate Units *

American Civil War Image Files: http://www.civilwarphotography.org/ * Civil War Photographs collection, Prints & Photographs division, Library of Congress * Selected Civil War photographs, American Memory, Library of Congress * Civil War photos, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration * 3-D Photography in the Civil War: An Online Exhibit (CWPT) * The photographic history of the civil war... Francis Trevelyan Miller, editor-in-chief; Robert S. Lanier, managing editor. Thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities. Publisher: New York, The Review of Reviews Co., 1911-12 * Civil War Band Collection: 1st Brigade Band of Brodhead, Wisconsin * Photographic History of the Civil War An etext of the 1912 10 volume edition (Also available from Google Books at http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01467122) * Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College Collection contains photographs of Civil War soldiers *

Teacher's Guides to The Civil War: Abraham Lincoln * Civil War Music * Fort Davidson * Wilson's Creek *

Confederate Battles and Reenactments: 22nd Arkansas Infantry Oklahoma *2nd Regmt, C.S. Engineer Corps *2nd Missouri Cavalry *1st Arkansas Battalion *3rd Arkansas, CSA  *13th Virginia Cavalry, Co I - " Nansemond Cavalry " *Sons of Confederate Veterans - Col. James J. Searcy, Camp #1923 *3rd Tennessee Calvary Company B *
Union Battles and Reenactments: 20th Maine Company B *Turner Brigade *
Miscellaneous Civil War: 150th Anniversary commemorating the Battle of First Manassas/Bullrun *The Armistead Marker Preservation Committee *Sons of Confederate Veterans *The Friends of the James Farm *Warwick Living History -- Civil War Division *
Battles and Reenactments Locations: Battle of Lewisburg *Nathan Boone Homestead Days Festival *
Muzzleloading Clubs: Dacotah Territory Muzzle Loaders *
Purveyors of Civil War Era Merchandise: The Civil War News *The Ladies Parlor *Celtia Designs by Elizabeth Clark *Blue and Gray Bookshop *Two Trails Publishing *Civil War Fabrics *
Music and Other Resources: Camp Chase Gazette *The 33rd Illinois Volunteer Regiment Band *Prairie County Avengers *Original Frontier Art by Kyle Carroll *

Online Video About The Civil War: Slave Auction Reenactment Videos * Occupied Women and the American Civil War * Missouri's Germans and the Civil War * Civil War's First Blood: Missouri 1854-1861 *

Additional Resources About The American Civil War Online: American Memory * The Civil War in Missouri * Civil war Soldiers & Sailors System * Famous Missourians * Fort Davidson State Historic Site Online Research Library * Missouri Historic Review * Museum of Missouri Military History * The Oliver Anderson House * Civil War Battle Summaries by State * Missouri Civil War Museum * Jefferson Barracks Heritage Foundation * Ulysses S. Grant's Home, White Haven * The Dred Scott Heritage Foundation * Dred Scott Case Collection * The Old Courthouse * Mary Meachum Freedom Crossing Dedicated * The Civil War in Missouri * National Park Service * History.com * Digital History *

Sesquicentennial Websites and Events: Other States and Territories: Alabama  * Alaska Civil War’s last shots were fired in the Bering Sea  * The Civil War in Arizona Territory  * Arkansas  * California and the Fugitive Slave Act  * Colorado Territory Formed  * Connecticut  * Delaware  * Florida  * Georgia  * The U.S. Navy in Hawaii, 1826-1945: An Administrative History  * Idaho Territory  * Illinois  * Indiana * Iowa  * Kansas  * Kansas City Pages  * Kentucky * Louisiana * Maine * Maryland  * Massachusetts  * Minnesota * Michigan * Mississippi * Civil War’s legacy still reverberates in Montana * Nebraska In The Civil War * Nevada Territory’s 150^th anniversary comes and goes * New Hampshire: Strawbery Banke Museum * New Jersey * The Civil War in Arizona and New Mexico Territory * New York  * North Carolina  *  Ohio  * Oklahoma * Pennsylvania * South Carolina * Tennessee * Texas Heritage Online – Events Celebrate 150th Anniversary ofCivil War * Utah Civil War Before the Civil War * Vermont * Virginia * Civil War was a footnote in Washington state history * West Virginia * Wisconsin *

american patriot index for teachers

History Lesson Plan Links. Our history lesson plan resource page will be updated on a regular basis.

Early American Colonial Era (1499-1763) Links:

• Archiving Early America
• History of the United States: The Colonial Period
• Colonial America 1600-1775- K12 Resources
• The American Colonist's Library
• American Life: A Comparison of Colonial Life to Today's Life
• Have Fun with History - Colonial America
• Jump Back in Time - Colonial America
• Colonial House - Interactive History from PBS
• The History Place - Early Colonial Era Timeline
• An Outline of American History - The Colonial Period
• Colonial North America Links
• African Americans in The American Colonies
• The Terrible Transformation
• Slave Mutiny on The Amistad
• Pilgrim Clothing
• Introduction to 18th Century Clothing
• Colonial Currency
• Female Revolutionaries!
• Colonial and Continental Currency
• Education in the 13 American Colonies
• Education In The Colonies
• Family Life in Colonial America
• Farming in the 13 American Colonies
• Colonial Food in Colonial Williamsburg
• Colonial Government
• Washington's Rules of Civility & Decent Behavior In Company and Conversation
• Doctors in the American Colonies
• History of Medicine in America
• Liberty Online
• The History Place

Lesson plans about Early American History:

• "U. S. History, Colonial America 1600-1776"
• "Life On Plymouth Plantation"
• Native American-European Contact in the Colonial Period - Lesson Plans

American Revolution Blogs:

• Boston 1775
• Frontier Battles

Magazine About Colonial Times:

• Early American Life

American Civil War Era (1860-1865) Links:

• Causes of the Civil War
• Civil War Letters
• Declarations of Causes of Secession
• Alexander Stephen's Cornerstone Speech
• Lincoln's Call For Troops
• The Civil War Home Page
• Civil War Photos - National Archives
• Civil War Photographs Collection - Library of Congress
• University of Tennessee: USA Civil War Generals
• PBS documentary by Ken Burns
• California and the Civil War
• Florida Memory - The Civil War
• Illinois in the Civil War
• Ohio in the Civil War
• Pennsylvania's Civil War Soldier Databases
• WWW-VL: History: USA Civil War 1855-1865
• Civil War Preservation Trust
• Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
• American Civil War in Alabama, Encyclopedia of Alabama
• Grand Valley State University Civil War digital collection
• Seven Civil War Stories Your Teacher Never Told You
• The American Civil War Timeline Project
• Slavery in The Civil War Era
• The Fifty-Fourth Regiment
• Slavery in St. Louis
• Harriet Tubman
• Born in Slavery
• Female Nurses of the Civil War
• Women and Children at Home

Lesson plans about the American Civil War:

• "Fort Morgan and the Battle of Mobile Bay"
• "Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp"
• "Not Just A Man's War"

Blogging About The American Civil War:

• Civil War Books and Authors Blog
• TOCWOC Civil War Blog
• Civil War Bookshelf by Dimitri Rotov
• Civil War History
• Old Virginia Blog by Richard Williams
• Blog 4 History
• American Civil War Stories

The American Prohibition Era (1830-1933) Links:

• National Prohibition of Alcohol in the U. S.
• The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents
• Timeline results for Prohibition in the U. S.
• Prohibition History from Digital History
• Temperance Movement
• The Law and The Temperance Movement
• The Library Company has a wonderful collection of drawings about The Temperance Movement

Lesson plan collections about social studies in general:

• Center for History and New Media: History Matters
• Lesson Plans and Resources for Social Studies Teachers
• Smithsonian Education: Lesson Plans
• Teaching American History Projects at CHNM
• Education with Student News
• Teaching With Historic Places
• Learning Page at The Library of Congress
• PBS Teacher Source
• The Web Quest Page
• History Lesson Plans and Resources
• Mr. Donn's Pages: Free Lesson Plans
• Education World: History Center
• Schools of California Online Resources for Educators
• BBC: History
• School History
• Digital History
• Edsitement
• The New York Times Learning Network
• Discovery Education
• Historyteacher.net
• the History News Network
• ThinkQuest Library
• History Channel
• Educational Resources from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
• The Educator's Reference Desk: Lesson Plans
• The Lesson Plans Page
• Learn History
• Spartacus History
• Out of Many: A History of the American People
• Social Studies Lesson Plans
• Digital History: Links to Games About Historical Topics
• Oral Histories
• Awesome Stories
• National Council For Social Studies
• Voice of the Shuttle: History Page
• The Gateway
• C-Span in the Classroom
• TagTeacherNet
• GCSE History Revision
• History-Social Science - Course Models
• History 20: Curriculum Guide
• American History A. P.

World History Meta Sites for History AP:

• University of Calgary - The Applied History Research Group
• North Park University Chicago
• Paul Halsall's Internet History Sourcebooks Project
• Brooklyn College - Chinese Culture

American Patriotic Plays for School Children:

• America: A Star-Spangled Production
• Our Heritage Of Blessings
• Patriotic Skits For Sale

The Best Patriotic Crafts!

Patriotic Crafts from Making Friends - red, white and blue photo frames, beaded patriotic hearts, patriotic flag jewelry, USA visor, stars and stripes wreath, All American bird house, military themed crafts, tissue paper patriot wreath

USA Patriotic Activities and Crafts from Enchanted Learning - stand-alone star, patriotic pinwheel, craft stick flag, cascade of stars, string of stars, patriotic wind sock, patriotic plant pots, patriotic pebble, Lincoln penny pendant, US flag and eagles letterhead, USA Flag print out, USA flag printout with 13 stars and also 50 stars, fourth of July activity book, United States symbols, statue of liberty printout, liberty bell coloring printout, acrostic poems (Washington, Lincoln, Presidential), printout about Mt. Rushmore, all US presidents, American president wordsearches and much more than this!

The Giant Patriotic Collection of Crafts at AllCrafts.net - Every king of patriotic craft from wind chimes to patriotic swags!

DLTK has American patriotic crafts too. We love the cut eagle project!

Benjamin Franklin Crafts for Kids

More patriotic sites for kids!

• Adventures in Learning School Programs at Mount Vernon
• Any Soldier
• Colonial Williamsburg
• Ford's Theatre
• Musée national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
• National Museum of American History
• National Museum of Australia
• National Museum of The American Indian
• The American Swedish Historical Museum
• The British Museum
• The Canadian Museum of Civilization

Patriotic Poems.  All patriotic poetry, patriotic poems and patriotic verse located here is in the public domain. Teachers may use it freely to create curriculum and worksheets for their students. 

• The Silent Brave
• The Fourth of July
• The Liberty Bell
• Give Us Men
• Woman On The Field Of Battle
• All Quiet Along The Potomac
• The American Flag
• Eulogy For A Veteran
• I have a rendezvous with death
• In Flanders Fields
• Soldier Rest! Thy Warfare O'er
• The Widow's Lament in Springtime
• America For Me
• The Landlord's Tale: Paul Revere's Ride
• American Names
• A Creed
• Heros
• The Flag On The Farm
• Rodney's Ride
• Decoration Day
• Independence -- 1776
• Paul Revere's Ride

Presidential Links. The President of the United States is the head of state and the head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. armed forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of the president more than twice. Upon death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect in 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress. The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

      There have been forty-three people sworn into office, and forty-four presidencies, due to the fact that Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, one resigned, and four were assassinated. The first president was George Washington, who was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office at 32 days. At over twelve years, Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest time in office, and is the only president to serve more than two terms. The current president is Barack Obama; he became president on January 20, 2009.

All The Presidential Libraries.

• Herbert Hoover Library
• Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
• Harry S. Truman Library
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
• John F. Kennedy Library
• Lyndon B. Johnson Library
• Richard Nixon Library
• Gerald R. Ford Library
• Jimmy Carter Library
• Ronald Reagan Library
• George H. W. Bush Library
• William J. Clinton Library
• George W. Bush Library

Presidential exhibits and museum virtual tours.

• Herbert Hoover Presidential Museum Gallery Guide

• Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum Galleries

• Harry S. Truman Presidential Museum Galleries


• John F. Kennedy Presidential Museum Virtual Tour

• Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Museum Galleries

• Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Galleries

• Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum Virtual Tour

• Ronald Reagan Presidential Museum Galleries

• George H. W. Bush Presidential Museum Virtual Tour


Our patriot links are perfect for young students and teachers. Learn the history of countries, read important government documents, and research politics, heritage, and culture. If you have a website that would fit under these categories why not write our staff and suggest a link? pickandprintgallery@yahoo.com

Historical Documents & American History Links.

• AMDOCS Documents for the study of American History.
• U.S. Historical Documents Archive
• University of Oklahoma
• The history and care of the American flag.
• Comprehensive Flag Site
• The birth of the American flag.
• Diverse American History
• State History
• 18th century America
• American History for grade school children
• University of Groningen, Netherlands (special American collections)
• Women in American History
• Smithsonian National Museum of American History
• African American History
• The History Place
• Rutgers University Libraries

Historical Documents & Canadian History Links.

• Canadian History On The Web
• Canada in The Making
• Canada Menu
• Canada Maps
• Interactive Canadian maps

Historical Documents & United Kingdom History Links.

• EuroDocs
• BBC-History
• The National Archives of the United Kingdom

Australian history websites

• Ancient heritage, modern society 
• European discovery and the colonisation of Australia 
• Australian history
• Picture Australia 
• Australian dictionary of biography online 

Australian Historical Texts and Documents

• Australian literary and historical texts 
• Australian history 
• South seas 
• Documenting a democracy: Australia's story 
• Australian Journals OnLine 

Manuscripts, Archives and Registers for Australia

• National Archives of Australia 
• Register of Australian Archives and Manuscripts (RAAM) 
• Noel Butlin Archives Centre 
• AHRR - Australian Historic Records Register
• Australian Heritage Bibliography 
• Australian Memory of the World Register

Libraries of Australia

• National Library of Australia
• Australian Capital Territory Library and Information Services
• State Library of New South Wales
• Northern Territory Library
• State Library of Queensland
• State Library of South Australia
• State Library of Tasmania
• State Library of Victoria
• State Library of Western Australia

Patriotic Organizations In The United States.

• Boy Scouts of America.
• The American Legion.
• American Red Cross.
• American Republic.
• Angel Flight for Veterans
• Angels in Camouflage
• Aztec Club
• Congressional Medal of Honor Society
• Daughters of The American Revolution
• Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War
• Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge
• Elks
• First Amendment Center
• 4 The Troops
• Freedom Girls
• General Society Sons of the Revolution
• Girl Scouts of America
• Heart of America Quilt
• History of the Pledge of Allegiance
• Kids Care Across America
• Kids Success Foundation
• Military Order of the World Wars
• MVPSOA
• National Auxiliary to the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
• National Congress of Patriotic Organizations
• National Flag Day Organization
• National Society of Children of American Revolution
• National Society of Sons of the American Revolution
• New Hampshire Support Our Troops
• Newton's Best of the Best
• On Wings of Eagles
• Operation Sandbox
• Order of Founders and Patriots of America
• Patriotic Fridays
• Patriotic Order Sons of America
• Betsy Ross Home Page
• Support US Heroes
• United Daughters of the Confederacy
• U.S. Armed Forces New Service
• U.S. Patriot Help
• Veteran Corps of Artillery State of New York
• Veteran of Foreign Wars of the United States.

Patriotic Organizations In Canada.

• Royal Canadian Legion
• Vietnam Veterans in Canada